The Blank Slate

The Blank Slate by Steven Pinker takes a critical look at our human brain and argues that it’s NOT a blank slate. Pinker (also known from The Better Angels of Our Nature and Enlightenment Now), combines his skills of storytelling and deep (and wide) knowledge to put down a convincing argument for how the brain/mind? interacts with our environment.

Here is a short summary from the book:

One of the world’s leading experts on language and the mind explores the idea of human nature and its moral, emotional, and political colourings. With characteristic wit, lucidity, and insight, Pinker argues that the dogma that the mind has no innate traits-a doctrine held by many intellectuals during the past century-denies our common humanity and our individual preferences, replaces objective analyses of social problems with feel-good slogans, and distorts our understanding of politics, violence, parenting, and the arts. Injecting calm and rationality into debates that are notorious for axe-grinding and mud-slinging, Pinker shows the importance of an honest acknowledgement of human nature based on science and common sense.

Here is the table of contents:

• pt. 1. The blank slate, the noble savage, and the ghost in the machine
  • The official theory
  • Silly putty
  • The last wall to fall
  • Culture vultures
  • The slate’s last stand
• pt. 2. Fear and loathing
  • Political scientists
  • The holy trinity
• pt. 3. Human nature with a human face
  • The fear of inequality
  • The fear of imperfectibility
  • The fear of determinism
  • The fear of nihilism
• pt 4. Know thyself
  • In touch with reality
  • Out of our depths
  • The many roots of our suffering
  • The sanctimonious animal
• pt. 5. Hot buttons
  • Politics
  • Violence
  • Gender
  • Children
  • The arts
• pt. 6. The voice of the species

The chapter I want to highlight/make some observations about is the one on children. It is this chapter where I was most surprised by the evidence.

In psychology (what I studied) you learn about the 50/50ish division between genes and environment (nature vs nurture) and of course that there are interactions between both.

An example would be your length. Your genetic make-up determines for the most part how tall you will become. But if you’re malnourished whilst growing up, you will come up a few centimetres short in the end.

Or think of your temperament. You may be a stoic, or a hot head. And during the years of your life you will learn to deal with how you’re wired. And some do better than others. They learn better techniques, or they might be unlucky in their childhood.

And this is where Pinker, armed with data, made me think about things a bit different than before. He argues that your family and all the experiences shaped by your parents (the ‘shared’ experiences you could have had with siblings) don’t matter at all. And they don’t matter for the variance of outcomes you will have.

I.e. if we’re looking at your expression of your temperament or the chance that you will end up in jail, then it’s explained for about 50% by your genes, and 50% by your unique experiences.

Unique experiences? The friends you have and smoked weed with when you were still 15. The tv shows you watched in your bedroom. The teacher who took you under his wing. All things that are (almost) completely outside of the control of your parents.

But, but… parents should have an influence, right? I also can’t shake the feeling that what a parent does should have an influence. But when looking at (identical) twins who grew up in different families, or looking at different families in similar circumstances, and many other configurations, Pinker concludes that the shared experiences really count for nothing.

Looking at this in another way, you can say that there may just be many more (influential) unique experiences. Say for instance that your experience of sex(uality) should be formed by different factors. There are of course the genes. But what would have more influence, parents telling you about the birds and the bees, versus your first good/bad/average very intimate evening. Or the stories your peer group tell you. And the expectation that may differ from class to class, from peer group to peer group.

What if you can still shape this environment? As a parent can’t you choose where your kid grows up and influence it in this way? I guess that may still be true. Still, you’re only marginally improving the environment (which accounts for 50%) with still so much variation of unique experiences.

Say you choose the best school, but because your kid is now surrounded by other kids who are smarter he becomes very insecure and gets bullied. Or you move to the countryside because you believe it’s safer and he gets hit by a car in the middle of nowhere.

Ok, enough rambling, Pinker does end the chapter in a good way. You can see your kids not as a blank slate you need to shape and fill. No, see your kids as your friends. As (little) people you want to hang out with. To enjoy your time together (they have half your genes, so you might get along great). And yes, don’t be a bad parent, why would you want to even consider that. Be a good parent just because (and not for their outcomes) it’s the moral thing to do.

God Is Not Great

God Is Not Great by Christopher Hitchens takes reason to religion. It’s a deep dive into a terribly important topic. Not only because it has shaped (and for the foreseeable future will shape) our lives. Whilst some will argue that we’re already living in the next Enlightenment (or hope so, Steven Pinker), Christopher Hitchens is more militant and political, if we need an Enlightenment, he will be one of the horsemen of it.

Here are some observations I had on the chapters:

1. Putting it Mildly
   • “There still remains four irreducible objections to religious faith: that it wholly misrepresents the origins of man and the cosmos, that because of this original error it manages to combine the maximum of servility with the maximum of solipsism, that it is both the result and the cause of dangerous sexual repression, and that it is ultimately grounded on wish-thinking.”
   • Religion has been seen as attractive because we’re only partly rational
   • “… those who offer false consolation are false friends”
   • “Religion is man-made” (emphasis is on the man part)
   • “Religion poisons everything”
2. Religion Kills
   • “It must seek to interfere with the lives of nonbelievers, or heretics, or adherents of other faiths. It may speak about the bliss of the next world, but it wants power in this one”
   • Since 2001 Hitchens sees religion (again) taking a larger role in public life (crazy Americans)
   • Religious wars/attacks between the West and Middle-East are two sides of the same coin (and feed/strengthen each other)
   • “In this respect, religion is not unlike racism. One version of it inspires and provokes the other”
3. Why Heaven Hates Ham
   • Religion, Jews/Muslims, hate pigs, but why. (The even banned Animal Farm by George Orwell)
   • Pigs are intelligent, share lots of our DNA, you can use almost every part
   • The ban is not rationally (even way back when), archaeology shows that other people ate them without problems (trichinosis)
   • It’s just superstition that should have ended when it started
4. A Note on Health
   • Smallpox eradication was harmed by false rumours spread by Muslims (see the same happening now in New York with measles, again wtf)
   • The damage from this is incalculable
   • Religions believe that the holy text should be enough to prevent people from doing the bad things (/protect them in a way?), of course, that is not how life works and in many cases, the victims even didn’t do anything morally wrong
   • “The attitude of religion to medicine, like the attitude of religion to science, is always necessarily problematic and very often necessarily hostile”
   • Two major religions in Africa, “believe that the cure is much worse than the disease”
   • Child rape and torture is suspected to be so bad that there are maybe more kids than not (in religious schools) that we molested
   • Three conclusions up to this point:
     1. Religion and the churches are manufactured
     2. Ethics and morality are quite independent of faith, and cannot be derived from it
     3. religion is – because it claims a special divine exemption for its practices and beliefs – not just amoral but immoral
   • Religion actually looks forward to the day that it all ends. This is captured in a guilty joy (schadenfreude). They hope of course that they personally will be spared
5. The Metaphysical Claims of Religion Are False
   • “Religion comes from the period of human prehistory where nobody had the smallest idea what was going on”
   • Ockham’s razor is one of the thinking tools to show that religion/God is not a good explanation for science
6. Arguments from Design
   • The paradox at the centre of the large religions concerns both feeling submissive and being rigorous and superior to others
   • The arguments from design concern the small and large. And they are centred not around inquiry but on faith alone (e.g. finding bones of dinosaurs is there to test your faith)
   • The often used example of the eye is very mistaken. It has been developed/’made’ by evolution over 40 times and in us human is quite inefficient (backwards and upside down)
   • Our DNA has lots of ‘junk’ left behind from everything between us and the bacteria we came from
   • A theory (also a word that is mislabelled) becomes accepted when it can make accurate predictions about things or events that have not yet been discovered or have not yet occurred
   • “…98 per cent of all the species that have ever appeared on earth have lapsed into extinction”
   • Evolution is not guided and that we’re here is the result of a lot of luck/bottlenecks
   • Fun fact: “… a cow is closer in family to a whale than to a horse”
   • Hitchens mentions The End of Faith by Sam Harris
7. Revelation (Old Testament)
   • Again a focus on man and the focus on humans
   • The ten commandments say nothing about the protection of children, slavery, rape, genocide
   • Shortly after that, God tells Moses about when to buy and sell slaves (so, yeah), and the rules for selling daughters
   • “… none of the gruesome, disordered events described in Exodus ever took place”
   • “Freud made the obvious point that religion suffered from one incurable deficiency: it was too clearly derived from our own desire to escape from or survive death”
   • The context of the bible is local! (no mention of Inca’s or other peoples)
8. The New Testament
   • The four gospels describe the events very differently and there is disagreement on mythical elements (including the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus)
   • “the word translated as ‘virgin’, namely almah means only ‘a young woman'”
   • Jesus had four brothers and some sisters (Matthew, 13:55-57)
   • (quoting C.S. Lewis, a “most popular Christian apologist”, speaking about Jesus): “Now, unless the speaker is God, this is really so preposterous as to be comic.”
   • “The case for the biblical consistency or authenticity or ‘inspiration’ has been in tatters for some time, and the rents and tears only become more obvious with better research, and thus no ‘revelation’ can be derived from that quarter. So, then, let the advocates and partisans of religion rely on faith alone, and let them be brave enough to admit that this is what they are doing.”
9. The Koran
   • “… relates facts about extremely tedious local quarrels.”
   • The Koran can only be read as the original and translations are not as true as the original revealed text
   • “There has never been an attempt in any age to challenge or even investigate the claims of Islam that has not been met with extremely harsh and swift repression.”
   • Almost as soon as it was established, after Muhammad died, quarrels over leadership erupted and started the Sunni and Shia divide.
   • Two quotes (as a rebuttal to Islam’s benign tolerance): “Nobody who dies and finds good from Allah (in the hereafter) would wish to come back to this world even if he were given the whole world and whatever is in it, except the martyr who, on seeing the superiority of martyrdom, would like to come back to the world and be killed again.” and “God will not forgive those who serve other gods beside Him; but he will forgive whom He will for other sins. He that serves other gods besides God is guilty of a heinous sin.”
10. The Tawdriness of the Miraculous
    • “… the age of miracles seems to lie somewhere in our past.”
    • And this could be welcomed but faith is apparently not enough on its own and we get some very strange attempts at describing miracles (which of course are then being discredited).
    • Houdini and others have shown us in many ways that miracles are smart ways of showing things that comply with the laws of nature.
    • “Miracles, in any case, do not vindicate the truth of the religion that practices them.”
    • Many people believe in miracle cures and therefore don’t undergo normal treatment.
    • “… many people will die needlessly as a result of this phoney and contemptible ‘miracle’.”
    • “The evidence (miracles) for faith, then, seems to leave faith looking even weaker than it would if it stood, alone and unsupported, all by itself.”
    • We have many other things to wonder about, the atom, quarks, black holes, morning sun in spring, etc.
11. Religion’s Corrupt Beginnings
    • Here Hitchens takes a closer look at the origin of religion, for this he uses cargo cults and the Mormons as examples from last/this century.
    • “Is it not true that all religions down the ages have shown a keen interest in the amassment of material goods in the real world?”
    • American evangelism is a heartless con run by no good men (also see Derren Brown – Miracles for Sale)
    • “… twenty-five thousand words of the Book of Mormon are taken directly from the Old Testament.” (2000 new testament)
    • What if religion is the outcome of believing in believing, having faith, which in ancient time was equal to higher morale and thus higher chances of surviving?
12. How Religion Ends
    • A short chapter on religions that are no longer here, how did they stop (not a clear/actionable reason, except no real following/end of world event didn’t happen).
13. Does Religion Make People Behave Better
    • Religion is often equated to morality, to learning how to live a good life.
    • But being a moral person and being religious doesn’t go hand in hand, in many cases, the very ‘holy’ people are the same who abuse kids. And there are great atheists (even before our mainstream religions existed) that did great moral things.
    • The slave trade was blessed by the church (and Islam), “the most devout Christians made the most savage slaveholders.”
    • “No supernatural force was required to make the case against racism.”
    • “… there is no country in the world today where slavery is still practised where the justification of it is not derived from the Koran.”
    • The emancipation is also one where religion was holding it back instead of helping, and yes that is referring to the backward beliefs of Gandhi
    • “When priests go bad, they go very bad indeed, and commit crimes that would make the average sinner pale. One might prefer to attribute this to sexual repression than to the actual doctrines preached, but then one of the actual doctrines preached is sexual repression…”
    • The church has also been bad at saying sorry for the sins of the past and has lacked in denouncing people who do bad acts in the name of faith.
14. There Is No “Eastern” Solution
    • Even in the east, you are not safe. Here gurus go after the possessions of famous/rich/average people, engage in orgies and strive for power, just like everywhere else.
    • Even the Hindu and Buddhists have a history of murderers and violence.
    • The best example is the Buddhists who raped China in honour of Japan.
15. Religion as an Original Sin
    • “There are indeed several ways in which religion is not just amoral, but positively immoral.”
    • “These include: presenting a false picture of the world to the innocent and the credulous, the doctrine of blood sacrifice, atonement, eternal reward and/or punishment, the imposition of impossible tasks and rules
    • “The essential principle of totalitarianism is to make laws that are impossible to obey” (in regard to being responsible for sins from before your time).”
    • “… a spiritual police state.”
16. Is Religion Child Abuse?
    • “… religion has always hoped to practice upon the unformed and undefended minds of the young…”
    • “… to keep the ignorant in a state of permanent fear.”
    • “The only proposition that is completely useless, either morally or practically, is the wild statement that sperms and eggs are all potential lives which must not be prevented from fusing and that, when united however briefly, have souls and must be protected by law.”
    • “Mother Theresa denounced contraception as the moral equivalent of abortion…”
    • “… it is hard to imagine anything more grotesque than the mutilation of infant genitalia (both sexes, multiple religions). Nor is it easy to imagine anything more incompatible with the argument from design.”
    • “… we are talking about the systematic rape and torture of children, positively aided and abetted by a hierarchy which knowingly moved the grossest offenders to parishes where they would be safer.”
17. An Objection Anticipated
    • (short summary of points made before) “… usefulness of religion is in the past, and that its foundational books are transparent fables, and that it is man-made imposition, and that it has been an enemy of science and inquiry, and that it has subsisted largely on lies and fears, and been the accomplice of ignorance and guilt as well as of slavery, genocide, racism, and tyranny…”
    • Religion was bad but were there not terrible atheists like Hitler and Stalin. Alas, religion went to bed with them and were quite the supporters.
    • “The very first diplomatic accord undertaken by Hitler’s government… a treaty with the Vatican.”
    • In the case of communism, it was there not to fight religion, it was there to replace it.
18. A Finer Tradition
    • Unbelief has been around as long as belief (see the trail of Socrates)
    • “Human decency is not derived from religion. It precedes it.”
    • What if we imagined a world where religion didn’t get a hold of the whole world so early on, what if in evolution it had died out, what a world we would have lived in!
19. In Conclusion (The Need for a New Enlightenment)
    • “… it is better and healthier for the mind to “choose” the path of scepticism and inquiry in any case…”
    • “… we are in need of a renewed Enlightenment, which will base itself on the proposition that the proper study of mankind is man and woman.”

I found this to quite the enlightening read and although I don’t think religion and discussion around it will occupy much of my mind-space, I think this is a good introduction to the sins of religion and has given me a better understanding of the space.

How to Get People to Do Stuff

How to Get People to Do Stuff by Susan Weinschenk can be seen as a guide to actionable psychology/behavioural economics. The book is full of tips and trick on how to get people to take action. It’s quite high-level but does reference good sources (e.g. research by Daniel Kahneman). Here are the sections:

1. The Need to Belong
2. Habits
3. The Power of Stories
4. Carrots and Sticks
5. Instincs
6. The Desire for Mastery
7. Tricks of the Mind

I skimmed through quite some parts (and did look at the strategies) and now have 9 actionables to do for Queal.

We Are Legion

“Bob Johansson has just sold his software company and is looking forward to a life of leisure. There are places to go, books to read, and movies to watch. So it’s a little unfair when he gets himself killed crossing the street.

Bob wakes up a century later to find that corpsicles have been declared to be without rights, and he is now the property of the state. He has been uploaded into computer hardware and is slated to be the controlling AI in an interstellar probe looking for habitable planets. The stakes are high: no less than the first claim to entire worlds. If he declines the honor, he’ll be switched off, and they’ll try again with someone else. If he accepts, he becomes a prime target. There are at least three other countries trying to get their own probes launched first, and they play dirty. 

The safest place for Bob is in space, heading away from Earth at top speed. Or so he thinks. Because the universe is full of nasties, and trespassers make them mad – very mad.”

This was a fun story and makes me wonder about the second and third book in the ‘bobiverse‘. I do however think that the story structure was different from what I expected so let’s take a look:

Hmm I do realise that there is a short storyloop at the beginning:

You: Bob, sold his company, etc

Need: to live, and well, you’ve been hit by a bus

Go: you are an AI and you need to figure out how this works

Search: learn to work with the tools you have. Learn more about the world

Find (with the help of a guide): learns how to protect himself, use his new abilities

Take: has to leave the world, and leave all his connections to the world behind

Return: finds his humanity again in VR etc (and returns to Earth to save it later)

Change: he is the new Bob (and Bill, Homer, etc)

You: Bob, AI, cruising through space

Need: to survive from other AIs humans made (but a lot of new goals and subplots are introduced later, and there I think the story might be less good, but also interesting, hmm)

Go: on the way to new resources in other solar systems

Search: energy, place to be safe, make copies, learn skills

Find (with the help of a guide): arrives in other solar system(s), has new skills, improves, finds way to save humanity (after a while at least) (hmm, not really a guide here except from some old knowledge of tv series etc, and some quotes from The Art of War)

Take: not all Bobs survive, humanity? (but not really, because you don’t really care about that too much) (I guess there could/should have been more sacrifice?)

Return: populates the universe, goes back to Earth

Change: he is the new Bob (and Bill, Homer, etc)

I guess another problem I had with the story structure was the lack of closed loops. The threat of the Brazilian probe is still there, there is another type of intelligent civilisation out there (that took the metal out of one system and left some bots there), the humanoids on another planet (and the gorilla’s etc they have to survive from), etc.

Leaders Eat Last

Simon Sinek, TBD

Turning the Flywheel

Well, not actually a book, a monograph. One that accompanies Good to Great. Turning the Flywheel by Jim Collins goes deeper into the concept of the flywheel. Below I will define the flywheel and give two interpretations of it, for Queal and for myself.

Flywheel

The Flywheel effect is a concept developed in the book Good to Great. No matter how dramatic the end result, good-to-great transformations never happen in one fell swoop. In building a great company or social sector enterprise, there is no single defining action, no grand program, no one killer innovation, no solitary lucky break, no miracle moment. Rather, the process resembles relentlessly pushing a giant, heavy flywheel, turn upon turn, building momentum until a point of breakthrough, and beyond.

7 steps to capturing your own flywheel:
1. Create a list of significant replicable successes your enterprise has achieved.
2. Compile a list of failures and disappointments.
3. Compare the successes to the disappointments and ask, “What do these successes and disappointments tell us about the possible components of our flywheel?”
4. Using the components you’ve identified (keeping it to four to six), sketch the flywheel.
5. If you have more than six components, you’re making it too complicated; consolidate and simplify to capture the essence of the flywheel.
6. Test the flywheel against your list of successes and disappointments.
7. Test the flywheel against the three circles of your Hedgehog Concept

Queal

• Create a complete meal
• Deliver the best meal experience for quick moments
  • E.g. good shaker, dashboard, ordering process, etc.
• Build strong customer loyalty
• Grow through WOM
• Have margins to improve –> (repeat)

Personal

• Learn diverse fields of information
• Explore learnings in one specific area
• Build business out of knowledge
• Automate business –> (repeat)

The Gods Themselves

The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov consists of three consecutive stories. I like that he started this book as an explanation why plutonium 186 can exists (it can’t, but a friend of his mentioned it and he decided he could write a story about it).

I liked the book and it was an interesting listen. As always it’s very interesting to see what happens when communication breaks down between places (the Moon-Earth, Earth-Panuniverse).

As before, here is the analysis of the story-structure, this time with a guide part added (based on Building a StoryBrand).

You: people on Earth in about the year 2100ish. Or, para-people

Need: energy, after ecologic and economic collapse. Also need energy.

Go: ?. Explain why, what has happened (sun low energy).

Search: have to find new energy source. ditto

Find (with the help of a guide): plutonium 186 from para-men. Way to get energy from other universe (pump), guide is themselves as parentals.

Take: energy imbalance, possibility of world ending, losing position (Lamont). Other universe will die if they continue.

Return: tried to warn everyone. Wants to fix it (but doesn’t really do this).

Change: find new solution, kinda. Finds out they are parental themselves.

Building a Storybrand

These are my detailed notes of the great marketing/storytelling book, Building a Storybrand by Donald Miller.

Section 1: Why most marketing is a money pit

• the key to being seen, heard, and understood
• the secret weapon that will grow your business
• the simple SB7 framework

Section 2: Building your storybrand

• a character
• has a problem
• and meets a guide
• who gives them a plan
• and calls them to action
• that helps them avoid failure
• and ends in a success
• people want your brand to participate in their transformation

Section 3: Implementing your storybrand brandscript

• building a better website
• using storybrand to transform company culture

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Introduction

• Customers don’t care about your story, customers care about their own story!

Chapter 1: The Key to Being Seen, Heard, and Understood

• Pretty website don’t sell things, words sell things.
• We aren’t just in a race to get products to market, we’re also in a race to communicate why our customers need those products in their lives.
• The more simple and predictable the communication, the easier it is for the brain to digest. Story helps because it’s a sense-making mechanism.
• Mistake 1: Brands don’t focus on aspect of their offer that will help people survive and thrive.
  • Focus on what is evolutionary important
  • Example: we know the exits in a room, not the number of chairs
  • Tell a story about the ‘exits’ not the number of chairs
• Mistake 2: Brands cause their customer to burn too many calories in an effort to understand the message.
  • If there is too much (useless/non-essential) information, people ignore the brand
  • The key is to make your company’s message about something that helps the customer survive and to do so in a way that they can understand without burning many calories
• Stories have a necessary ambition, defines a challenge, provides a plan to conquer challenges.
• This creates a map customers can follow to engage with our products and services.
• The formula for movies is the same as will be explained (StoryBrand Framework).
• The key is clarity (if you confuse you lose).
• Identify: What customers want, what problem we help solve, what life will look like after using product/service.
• Noise is the enemy of a business. Clutter that is generated by the business itself. 
• It was as though he was answering a hundred questions his customers had never asked.
• What we think we’re saying to our customers, and what our customers actually hear are two different things. Customers make decisions based on the latter.
• The key good writing is what you don’t say.

Chapter 2: The Secret Weapon That Will Grow Your Business

• A story is your way to combat/break through the noise.
• Example: Music and noise are very similar, but the structure of music makes it memorable.
• The essence of branding is to create simple, relevant messages we can repeat over and over so that we “brand” ourselves into the public consciousness.
• Example: Lisa computer from Apple, 9 pages (boooring) technical. Later, 2 words (think different). It’s about you.
• People buy the products they can understand the fastest.
• Story in a nutshell:
  • A character who wants something encounters a problem, before they can get it. At the peak of their despair, a guide steps into their lives, gives them a plan, and calls them to action. That actions helps them avoid failure and ens in a success.
• Examples: stories of Hunger Games, Star Wars
• Truly creative and brilliant marketers and screenwriters know how to use the formula while still avoiding cliché.
• The three crucial questions (movie):
  1. What does the hero want?
  2. Who or what is opposing the hero getting what she wants?
  3. What will the hero’s life look like if she does (or doesn’t) get what she wants?
• Anything that doesn’t serve the plot has to go.
• The three crucial questions (brand/website/marketing-material)
  1. What do you offer?
  2. How will it make my life better?
  3. What do I need to do to buy it?
• Could a caveman look at your website and immediately grunt/get what you offer?
• Example: online camera course, removed jargon and fluff (90% of text), focus on questions above (x5 revenue).
• A good filter removes all the stuff that bores our customers and will bear down on the aspects of the brand that will help them survive and thrive.

Chapter 3: The Simple SB7 Framework

• Principles:
  1. The customer is the hero, not your brand
     • you are the guide (Yoda)
     • hero wants something
  2. Companies sell solutions to external problems, but customers buy solutions to internal problems
     • they want to solve a problem that has disrupted their peaceful life
     • Queal: Time has disappeared? or not eating right anymore, (can’t find the time for it)
     • Example: lawn not tidy, pension not fixed
     • problems are, external, internal (best response), philosophical
  3. Customers aren’t looking for another hero; customers are looking for a guide
     • brands that position themselves as a hero, unknowingly compete with their potential customers
  4. Customers trust a guide who has a plan
     • remove confusion about how to do business/take next step
     • agreement and process plan
  5. Customers do not take action unless they are challenged to take action
     • Seth Godin: create tension (and/or step 6 too)
     • there needs to be a reason
     • characters only take action after they are challenged by an outside force
     • A call to action involves communicating a clear and direct step our customers can take to overcome their challenge and return to a peaceful life.
     • direct or transitional
  6. Every human being is trying to avoid a tragic ending
     • what’s at stake/what happens if you don’t take action
     • show the cost of not doing business
     • brands that help customers avoid some kind of negativity in life, engage customers (they define what’s at stake)
     • use this strategically (like salt, so not too much or none at all)
  7. Never assume people understand how your brand can change their lives. Tell them
     • if we don’t tell people where we’re taking them, they will choose another brand
     • offer a vision
• mystorybrand.com (use tool to fill in)

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Chapter 4: A Character

• The customer is the hero, not the brand.
• Define the character’s ambition / define what your customer wants.
• Can this brand really help me get what I want?
• Example: luxury resort changed from pictures about themselves, to focus on luxury for customers.
• Example: a hassle-free MBA you can complete after work.
• Identify what customer wants, gives definition and direction.
• Identify a potential desire, this opens a story gap.
• Example: Jason Bourne has amnesia (Wie ben ik godverdomme…)
• Finding out what customers want, opens the story gap.
• Pair that desire down to a single focus.
• Don’t clutter the story by giving the hero (customer) too many ambitions.
  • Only after the general story, you might want to define subplots
• What you define should be related to the customer’s sense of survival.
• Survival: primitive desire to be safe, healthy, happy, strong.
  • Conserving financial resources (Walmart)
  • Conserving time (Queal, cleaning service)
  • Building social networks (working at Coolblue? Facebook)
  • Gaining status (Rolex)
  • Accumulating resources (Vanguard, many B2B offers)
  • The innate desire to be generous (EA, vrijwilligers organisaties)
  • The desire for meaning (ditto, Tony?)
  • You can tap into multiple motivations of course
• The goal for branding should be that every potential customer knows exactly where we want to take them.

Chapter 5: Has a Problem

• Companies sell solutions to an external problem, customers buy solutions to internal problems.
• The problem is the hook of a story.
• The more we talk about the problems our customers experience, the more interest they will have in our brand.
• You need a villain, and it doesn’t have to be a person, but needs personified characteristics.
• Example: Time management software, villain is distractions.
• Villain characteristics:
  1. Root source (time-monster?)
  2. Relate-able 
  3. Singular
  4. Real
• Three levels of problems.
  1. External problems
     • real-life/physical barrier between hero and desire for stability
     • Example: ticking time-bomb, restaurant solves external hunger problem
  2. Internal problems
     • The purpose of an external problem is to manifest an internal problem.
     • Movies: Do I have what it takes? (emotions, internal frustration to solve)
     • Example: Apple, internal frustration of intimidated by technology
     • Queal: can’t eat right within time/life constraints?
     • Example: car rental company, frustration of talking to people, automatic check-in
     • Example: second-hand car sales, not focus on external (need new cheapish car), focus on internal (don’t want to be hussled) (no commissions, clear terms)
     • Example: Starbucks, deeper sense of feeling well/sophisticated/cool, etc. (ohh and they have ok/good coffee)
  3. Philosophical problems
     • Why does this matter? (in the grand scheme of things)
     • What ought or shouldn’t happen?
     • Example: King’s Speech, external (speech), internal (self-doubt), phil. (good vs evil)
     • Give customers a deeper sense of meaning
• Frame the ‘buy now’ button as the action a customer must take to create closure in their story.
• Example: Tesla
  • Villain: Gas guzzling, inferior tech
  • External: I need (want) a car
  • Internal: I want to be an early adopter of new tech
  • Philosophical: My choice of car ought to help save the environment

Chapter 6: And Meets a Guide

• Customers aren’t looking for another hero; customers are looking for a guide.
• If a hero solves her own problem in a story, the audience will tune out.
• A brand that positions itself as a hero is destined to lose.
• The day we stop losing sleep over the success of our business and start losing sleep over the success of our customers is the day our business will start growing again.
• In stories, the hero is never the strongest character.
  • The guide has been there, done that.
  • The guide is the one with the most authority.
  • The guide is not the centre, he simply plays a role.
• Those who realise the epic story of life is not about them but actually about the people around them somehow win in the end.
• Empathy
  • “I feel your pain”
  • Understanding the struggle the customer has.
  • Make sure that you tell customers you care!
  • Show that you have something in common with the customer.
• Authority / Competence
  • Customer wants to check off box in back of mind, give confidence in your ability that you can help them.
  • Do it (indirectly) via:
    • Testimonials: Let others do the talking for you. (3 testimonials)
    • Statistics: left-brain, emotional-number (link to benefit)
    • Awards: awards your company has won
    • Logos: B2B, other businesses you’ve worked with, B2C news-outlets
• “Can I trust this person?” (empathy) / “Can I respect this person?” (competence)

Chapter 7: Who Gives Them a Plan

• Customers trust a guide who has a plan.
• Commitment (buying) is risky for customer, he can lose something.
• What if it doesn’t work? What if I’m a fool for buying this?
• Remove much of the risk, increase their comfort level.
• This is the plan.
  1. Create clarity
  2. Remove sense of risk
• The plan tightens the focus of the movie and gives the hero a ‘path of hope’ she can walk that might lead to the resolution of her troubles.
• What do you want me (the customer) to do now?
• The fact that we want them to place an order is not enough information to motivate them.
• A process plan describes the steps a customer needs to take to a) buy our products, and/or b) use the product after they have bought it.
  • A plan alleviates confusion for our customers.
  • The amount of steps in a plan should be at least 3 – max 6.
• A agreement plan is about alleviating fears.
  • When you do business with us, we agree to ABC.
  • This clarifies shared values between customers and us.
  • Agreement plan usually works in the background.
• Give your plan a name.
  • “easy installation plan”
  • “your morning plan”, “you good mornings plan/meals”
  • Titling your plan will frame it in the customer’s mind and increases the perceived value of all that your brand offers.

Chapter 8: And Calls Them to Action

• Customers don’t take action unless they are challenged to take action.
• Ask them to place an order.
• Heroes/customers need to be challenged by outside forces (to take action).
• One of the biggest hindrances to business success is that we think customers can read our minds.
• Repeat the ‘buy now’ button throughout the website (make it very obvious how to take action).
  • E.g. Storybrand website has a ‘register now’ button
• Off all customers they worked with, none had too many calls to action (overselling is not an issue)
• When we try to sell passively, we communicate a lack of belief in our product.
• The guide must be direct with the hero about what they want them to do.

1. Direct call to action (buy now, make appointment)
2. Transitional call to action (download pdf, webinar, usually free)
   1. Stake a claim to your territory (show that you’re the leader in the industry)
   2. Create reciprocity (give away free info)
   3. Position yourself as the guide
   • Examples: Free information, Testimonials, Samples, Free trail

• Those who ask again and again (I guess without being a pain in the butt), shall finally receive
• Again: There should be one obvious button to press on your website, and it should be a direct call to action.
• Queal: Order Now in menu?!

Chapter 9: That Helps Them Avoid Failure

• Every human being is trying to avoid a tragic ending.
• Answer the ‘so what’ question, what fails if they don’t buy the products.
• Example: Allstate, foreshadow potential failure for customers, sell insurance to prevent it, opening and closing story loop.
• What will the customer lose if they don’t buy our products?
  • This is not fear-mongering, this is introducing a stake.
• People are motivated by loss aversion.
  • See Thinking, Fast and Slow (Kahneman)
• From another book (quoted)
  1. Show that reader is vulnerable to a threat (30% of homes have termites)
  2. Take action to reduce vulnerability (nobody wants that, do something to protect your home)
  3. Specific call to action to protect them (we offer home treatment to insure you don’t have termites anymore)
  4. Challenge people to take the action (call us today and schedule home treatment)
• Use fear like salt, just a pinch
• What negative consequences are you helping your customer avoid?

Chapter 10: And Ends in a Success

• Never assume people understand how your brand can change their lives. Tell them!
• “People want to be taken somewhere”
• “A compelling image of an achievable future”
• Without a vision, your brand will perish.
• The resolution must be clearly defined, so the audience/customer knows exactly what to hope for.
• Whatever you sell, show us people happily engaging with the product.
• Describe the future of the customer in terms of internal (feelings), external (physical), philosophical (moral/reasons).

1. Winning power and position (need for status)
   • Offer access (e.g. Starbucks membership)
   • Create scarcity (e.g. limited number of an item)
   • Offer a premium (e.g. Emerald club of car rental company)
   • Offer identity association (e.g. Mercedes, Rolex)
2. Union that makes the hero whole (need for something external to create completeness)
   • story: resolve a deficiency (e.g. marriage, learn new skill)
   • reduce anxiety (e.g. cleaning stuff, closure of clean home)
   • reduce workload (e.g. software, fishing rod, thing to make you superhuman)
   • more time (fit it all in
3. Ultimate self-realisation/acceptance (need to reach our potential)
   • the desire for self-acceptance
   • inspiration (e.g. red bull, HBR, under armour)
   • acceptance (e.g. Dove)
   • transcendence (e.g. Tom’s Shoes)

• Closing the loop can be as simple as showing happy people.
  • E.g. rug shop, just show the rug in a nice living room
  • E.g. camping gear, an adventure to remember

Chapter 11: People Want Your Brand to Participate in Their Transformation

• Everybody wants to transform.
• Brands that participate in the identity transformation of their customers create passionate brand evangelists.
• Heroes are designed to transform.
• Smart brands define an aspirational identity.
  • and associate the brand with that identity.
  • E.g. knife company, tough and adventurous person (hello trouble)
• How does your customer want to be described by others?
• Great brands obsess about the transformation of their customers
  • How do we do that at Queal?
  • Could we learn from pindakaas or other ‘boring’ products?
• Example: Financial adviser, from: confused and ill-equipped, to: competent and smart
• Example: Shampoo brand, from: anxious and glum, to: carefree and radiant
• Do more than help your customers win, let’s help them transform.

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Chapter 12: Building a Better Website

• A great digital presence starts with a clear and effective website.
• When a customer gets to your website, their “hopes need to be confirmed”, and they need to be convinced we have a solution to their problem.
• Keep it simple. Like an elevator pitch.
• A website full of noise can kill potential sales.
• The 5 basics you need/must have:
  1. An offer above the fold. (e.g. we will make you a pro in the kitchen)
     • customers need to know what’s in it for them right when they read the text
     • E.g. We help you make beautiful websites (Sqaurespace)
     • Promise an aspirational identity
     • Promise to solve a problem
     • State exactly what you do
     • Queal: We take the hassle out of getting a good meal. We make complete meals.!!!
  2. Obvious call to action
     • Order Now (duh)
     • Placement tips: top right! (Highlight shop more!!! and/or put it in button-style, to the right?), and center (instead of left).
     • Eyes move in Z pattern
     • Buttons should look exactly the same!!!
     • If you have a transitional CTA, show it but less prominent
  3. Images of success
     • Smiling, happy people, emotional destination.
  4. A bite-sized breakdown of your revenue streams
     • find an overall umbrella message that unifies your various streams
     • once you have the umbrella, the different product-pages (with their own BrandScripts) can shine there
  5. Very few words
     • People don’t read websites anymore, they scan them.
     • Write in morse-code (brief, punchy, relevant to customers)
     • The fewer words you use, the more likely it is that people will read them
• Stay on script, everything should be a logical conclusion from the BrandScript

Factfulness

Please read Factfulness by Hans Rosling! Although I was already familiar with quite some of his work, Hans does a great job of showing how the world really is. And it’s middle-class, more equal (at least in education) than expected, more beautiful than you see on the 6 o-clock news. Through misconceptions we have, interspersed with personal anecdotes, the book is a perfect (and not too long) read to get you seeing the world in a new light.

Here are the misconceptions, but before that, his TED Talks.

https://www.ted.com/playlists/474/the_best_hans_rosling_talks_yo

1. Gap: Look for the majority (they are at level 2 instead of 1)
2. Negativity: Expect bad news (even if the trend is positive)
3. Straight line: Don’t always assume a straight line as the trend (it can curve in many ways)
4. Fear: Calculate the risks (don’t only trust on gut feelings)
5. Size: Get things in proportion
6. Generalisation: Question your categories (think not Muslim and terrorist)
7. Destiny: Slow change is still change
8. Single: A hammer needs a nail, you can see things from different perspectives
9. Blame: Resist pointing your finger (and as with single, don’t seek one simple explanation)
10. Urgency: Take small steps!

And this is what Bill Gates has to say:

https://www.gatesnotes.com/Books/Factfulness

” My late friend Hans Rosling called the labels “outdated” and “meaningless.” Any categorization that lumps together China and the Democratic Republic of Congo is too broad to be useful. But I’ve continued to use “developed” and “developing” in public (and on this blog) because there wasn’t a more accurate, easily understandable alternative—until now.”